The researchers emphasised caution, saying that more observations were needed to confirm these findings, and that they were not announcing a definitive discovery.
But the implications could be huge, according to Nikku Madhusudhan, a Cambridge University astrophysicist and lead author of the study, published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
“What we are finding at this point are hints of possible biological activity outside the solar system,” he told journalists.
“Frankly, I think this is the closest we have come to seeing a feature that we can attribute to life.”
But outside experts pointed to disputes over previous discoveries about the exoplanet, adding that these chemicals could have been created by unknown means having nothing to do with life.
Chemical clues
More than eight times the mass of Earth and 2.5 times as big, K2-18b is rare among the roughly 6,000 exoplanets discovered so far in that it orbits its star in a habitable or “goldilocks” zone.
This means it is neither too hot nor too cold to have liquid water, considered the most important ingredient for life.
Telescopes observe such far-off exoplanets when they cross in front of their star, allowing astronomers to analyse how molecules block the light streaming through their atmosphere.
In 2023, the Webb telescope detected methane and carbon dioxide in K2-18b’s atmosphere, the first time such carbon-based molecules were detected on an exoplanet in a habitable zone.
It also detected weak signals of the chemical DMS, leading astronomers to turn Webb towards the planet again a year ago, this time using its mid-infrared instrument to detect different wavelengths of light.
They found much stronger signs of the chemicals, though still well below the “five sigma” threshold of statistical significance scientists seek for such discoveries.
Even if the results are confirmed, it would not necessarily mean that the planet is home to life.
Last year, scientists found traces of DMS on a comet, which suggested it can be produced in non-organic ways and is perhaps not a “biosignature”.
However the concentration of the chemical observed on K2-18b appears to be thousands of times stronger than levels on Earth, likely suggesting a biological origin, Madhusudhan said.
Are we alone in the universe?
K2-18b has long been considered the premier candidate for a “hycean planet” — an ocean world bigger than Earth with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere.
These planets would not be expected to be home to intelligent alien life, but rather tiny microbes similar to those in Earth’s oceans billions of years ago.
Some research has questioned whether the currently proposed hycean planets are too close to their stars to support liquid water — including K2-18b, which orbits its star every 33 days.
Raymond Pierrehumbert, a planetary physics professor at Oxford University, has conducted separate research indicating K2-18b is too hot for life.
If the planet did have water, it would be “hellishly hot” and uninhabitable, he told AFP, adding that oceans of lava were more plausible.
Sara Seager, a professor of planetary science at MIT, called for patience, pointing to previous claims of water vapour in K2-18b’s atmosphere that turned out to be a different gas.
Madhusudhan estimated that it would take just 16 to 24 more hours of Webb’s time to reach the five-sigma threshold, which could happen in the next few years.
The current three-sigma is comparable to the odds of flipping a coin 10 times and getting the same result each time, Cambridge University statistician Stephen Burgess explained.
Five sigma would be getting that result after 20 flips, and would mean “we can be very confident that this observation isn’t just a chance finding,” he said.
Even beyond K2-18b, Madhusudhan said Webb and future telescopes could allow humanity to discover life outside our home planet sooner than one might think.
“This could be the tipping point, where suddenly the fundamental question of whether we’re alone in the universe is one we’re capable of answering,” he said.
